Nazi propaganda alienated 500,000 Jews in Germany, who accounted for only 0.86% of the overall population, and framed them as an enemy responsible for Germany's defeat in the First World War and for its subsequent economic disasters, such as the 1920s hyperinflation and subsequent Great Depression. From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. Conditions for German Jews began to change after the appointment of Adolf Hitler (the Austrian-born leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party) as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, and the Enabling Act (implemented 23 March 1933) which enabled the assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. They served in the German army and navy and contributed to every field of German business, science and culture. In the 1920s, most German Jews were fully integrated into German society as German citizens. Historians view Kristallnacht as a prelude to the Final Solution and the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust. Modern analysis of German scholarly sources puts the figure much higher when deaths from post-arrest maltreatment and subsequent suicides are included, the death toll reaches the hundreds, with Richard J. Early reports estimated that 91 Jews had been murdered. The Times of London observed on 11 November 1938: "No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults on defenceless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday." Įstimates of fatalities caused by the attacks have varied. British historian Martin Gilbert wrote that no event in the history of German Jews between 19 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from foreign journalists working in Germany drew worldwide attention. Over 7,000 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed, and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and incarcerated in concentration camps. Rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland. Jewish homes, hospitals and schools were ransacked as attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris.
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The name Kristallnacht (literally 'Crystal Night') comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings and synagogues were smashed. The German authorities looked on without intervening. Kristallnacht ( German pronunciation: ( listen)) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) ( German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced ( listen)), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary forces along with civilians throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938.
Sturmabteilung (SA) stormtroopers, German civiliansĪssassination of Ernst vom Rath, Antisemitism
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